Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries: a case series of five unoperated African children

Abstract

Background

Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries (ccTGA) is rare. It is commonly associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis and heart block. Early anatomic repair is recommended between 3 and 6 months of age to prevent development of tricuspid valve regurgitation and systemic right ventricular failure.

Case presentation

We retrospectively identified five cases of ccTGA. Cases were between one and 13 years of age. All the cases were unoperated. Four of the five cases had associated intracardiac defects/complications. These included: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid valve regurgitation, right ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart block.

Conclusion

These cases demonstrate the challenges of access to early diagnosis and surgery in a low resource setting. This delay in anatomic repair leads to complications of tricuspid valve regurgitation and systemic right ventricular failure.

Background

Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare congenital cardiac malformation. It accounts for approximately 0.05% of congenital cardiac anomalies [1]. In a 7-year review of congenital heart disease (CHD) at the Uganda Heart institute, ccTGA accounted for 0.14%, while D-TGA (dextro-transposition of the great arteries) accounted for 0.7% of all the CHD [2]. This anomaly arises from Left (Levo) looping of the developing heart tube [3]. In situs solitus, Levo-looping brings the morphological left ventricle (LV) to lie on the right connected to pulmonary artery and the morphological right ventricle (RV) to lie on the left connected to the aorta [3].

ccTGA is associated with conduction, physiological and anatomical abnormalities. Ninety percent of patients will have a cardiac abnormality [1]. The commonest anatomic cardiac abnormalities include VSD, pulmonary stenosis and abnormalities of the tricuspid valve [4]. Conduction defects include heart block and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias [5]. Physiologically, absence of early corrective surgery leaves the right ventricle as the systemic ventricle leading to progressive RV systolic dysfunction. Progressive RV fibrosis, presence of tricuspid valve regurgitation and univentricular pacing of the morphological left ventricle lead to RV systolic failure [1, 6, 7]. Clinical presentation depends on the concomitant cardiac defects. In patients with non-restrictive VSD, early anatomic repair is recommended between 3 and 6 months of age to prevent the deleterious effect of a systemic RV [8]. However, in our low resource setting, cost and lack of access to corrective surgery delays corrective surgical repair as seen in these cases.

Case presentations

Objective

To describe the associated intracardiac defects and complications in a series of five unrepaired ccTGA cases.

Inclusion criteria

All cases of ccTGA in the cardiac congenital registry were included. The cases were consecutively included in the series.

Methodology

We retrospectively identified patients with ccTGA, who presented to Uganda Heart Institute from the year 2012–2020. The identified cases were contacted by telephone to come back for review. Each review included clinical examination, electrocardiography and trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE). TTE was performed by a paediatric cardiologist. TTE was done using GE vivid S60N cardiac ultrasound: Key echocardiographic variables included: Associated VSD, pulmonary stenosis, degree of tricuspid valve regurgitation and right ventricular systolic dysfunction. Right ventricular function was assessed using tricuspid valve annular plane excursion (TAPSE). Cardiac MRI was not done in any of the cases due to its high cost in our setting. The study was approved by the ethics board of Uganda Heart Institute.

Case 1

A 13-year-old, male, a known patient of ccTGA was reviewed with a history of palpitations and exercise intolerance. He did not report any associated history of pre-syncope, syncope or cyanosis. His past medical history is significant for tachypnoea, diaphoresis and failure to gain appropriate weight. His symptoms were first noticed at the age of 1 month. A diagnosis of ccTGA was made at the age of 11 months. He often had quarterly hospital review after the onset of atrial fibrillation which started at the age of 6 years (He had previously been in sinus rhythm).

Clinical examination: Revealed a weight of 32 kg and height of 132 cm with BMI of 18.37. There was no pallor, pedal edema, central or peripheral cyanosis. His oxygen saturation was 99% in room air. He had an irregularly irregular pulse with a blood pressure of 91/64 mmHg. He had a left precordial bulge and a hyperactive precordium with an apex beat in the seventh intercostal space, anterior axillary line. He had a grade 3 pan systolic murmur at the apex radiating to the axilla. A tender hepatomegaly of 10 cm below the costal margin was noted. His 13th year annual review TTE showed ccTGA, grossly dilated left atrium, ‘Ebsteinoid’ displacement of the tricuspid valve with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (Fig. 1) Severe Right ventricular dysfunction was also noted. He is currently on optimal doses of frusemide, spironolactone, digoxin, enalapril together with warfarin and amiodarone for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response rate. His ECG showed no P waves, irregular R-R interval, ventricular response rate of 132 beats per minute (bpm) and partial RBBB. The diagnosis of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response rate was made (ECG Figure 1). Key clinical, echocardiography and ECG data are summarised in Table 1 below.

Fig. 1

Apical four chamber view showing a dilated left atrium, Ebsteinoid displacement of the tricuspid valve. Left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), mitral valve (MV), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (STV)

Table 1 Showing clinical, ECG and echocardiographic characteristics of the cases

Case 2

A six-year-old, male with ccTGA was seen with a history of exercise intolerance. He did not report any associated history of pre-syncope or syncope. He developed tachypnoea, diaphoresis and interrupted breastfeeding at the age of 1 month. A diagnosis of ccTGA was made at the age of 3 years and 3 months. He has had recurrent hospital admissions for severe pneumonia. Clinical examination: Revealed weight of 17 kg and height of 112 cm(underweight with BMI of 13.55, Z score − 2 SD) There was no pallor, pedal edema, central or peripheral cyanosis. His oxygen saturation in room air was 98%. He had a left precordial bulge and hyperactive precordium. There was a normal first heart sound, loud P2 component of the second heart sound and a grade 2 pan systolic murmur at the left lower sternal border. Other systemic findings were normal.

TTE showed ccTGA with mild mitral valve regurgitation through a cleft in the anterior leaflet. There was no tricuspid valve regurgitation. However, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve was seen straddling the interventricular septum and attaching to the septal surface of the morphological left ventricle (Fig. 2). There was a large inlet VSD of 26 mm in diameter (Fig. 3). The pulmonary valve was bicuspid with mild pulmonary valve stenosis. The ECG showed: normal P and QRS axis, the P rate was 100 bpm. There was complete atrioventricular dissociation with an ideo-junctional escape rhythm. The ventricular rate was 73 bpm. There were QR waves in lead V1 and RS in leads V5 and V6 (ECG Figure 2).

Fig. 2

Sub-costal view showing septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (STV) straddling the inlet VSD

Fig. 3

Apical four chamber view showing: Reversed apical offset of the tricuspid valve and a large inlet VSD (arrow). Left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), mitral valve (MV), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), inlet VSD (arrow)

Case 3

A 3 year- old female, a known patient with ccTGA was brought back to the clinic with new onset complaints of exercise intolerance, profuse sweating. She had a diagnosis of ccTGA at the age of 1 year. She had been symptomatically controlled on frusemide and captopril. Her clinical examination revealed a sick child, who was diaphoretic, with weight, height and SPO₂ of 10 kg, 87 cm and 96% respectively. She had a soft first heart sound at the apex, the P2 component of second heart sound was accentuated, with a pan systolic murmur at the apex radiating to the axilla and back. Her TTE showed ccTGA with a large non-restrictive inlet VSD of 18 mm in diameter. There was a new onset severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation and mild mitral valve regurgitation (Fig. 4). Her ECG revealed: junctional tachycardia. The ventricular rate was 136 bpm with RS in leads V5 and V6. There were retrograde P waves embedded in the T wave causing notching of the T waves (ECG Figure 3).

Fig. 4

Apical four chamber view showing tricuspid valve regurgitation

Case 4

A 1 Year and 10 months male child, seen at our centre with history of recurrent chest infection, tachypnoea since the age of 3 months. On examination his weight and height were 10 kg and 75 cm respectively, SP0₂ = 92%. His TTE showed ccTGA, a large peri-membranous VSD of 9 mm in diameter and moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Case 5

An eight- year old, male child with an isolated ccTGA. He was first seen at the age of 6 months following an episode of pneumonia and an incidental finding of “cardiomegaly” on an A-P chest x-ray. He has been asymptomatic since this initial diagnosis of ccTGA. Clinical examination: Revealed weight of 26.5 kg and height of 129 cm (underweight with BMI of 15.93) There was no pallor, pedal edema, central or peripheral cyanosis. His oxygen saturation in room air was 97%. He had normal auscultatory findings. TTE still showed ccTGA without any other intracardiac defects. There was a mild tricuspid valve regurgitation, dilated systemic RV but with normal systolic function. We noted bowing of the interventricular septum towards the morphological left ventricle (Fig. 5). His ECG showed: sinus rhythm and pre-excitation (ECG Figure 4). Other than ccTGA, none of cases reported other chronic illnesses However, they reported treatment for severe malaria.

Fig 5

Apical four chamber view showing a dilated RV, intact interventricular septum with bowing to the right

Discussion and conclusion

Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare congenital cardiac malformation. It accounts for approximately 0.14% of congenital cardiac abnormalities in our setting [2]. Approximately, 90% will have an associated cardiac defect [1]. Among the cases described above, the cardiac abnormalities included: Ebsteinoid anomaly of the tricuspid valve, tricuspid valve regurgitation, cleft mitral valve, pulmonary valve stenosis and ventricular septal defects. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is present in approximately 84% of ccTGA [1, 6]. Eighty percent of our cases had VSD. In ccTGA, VSD arises out of a defect created by a malalignment between the atrial and ventricular septa. Majority of the VSD are of peri-membranous type. However, in our series above, two of the five children had inlet VSD with the other two cases having a peri-membranous VSD. In patients with large inlet VSD, the AV valves may be at the same level. Therefore, the characteristic apical offset of the tricuspid valve may be absent [1].

Approximately, 90% of patients will have tricuspid valve abnormalities leading to tricuspid regurgitation [1]. Four out of the five cases above had tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR). The mechanism of TR seen in case 1 above was due to ‘Ebsteinoid’ displacement of the tricuspid valve [1, 9]. On the other hand, TR seen in cases 2, 3 and 5 was attributed to tricuspid valve annular dilatation. Chronic TR is an important prognostic factor because it precedes systemic RV failure as seen in Case 1 [9, 10].

Pulmonary stenosis occurs in 53% of cases [1, 11]. Obstruction may be at sub-valvular, valvular or supra-valvular level [11]. Sub-valvular pulmonary obstruction is due to the origin of the pulmonary outflow between the gap created by atrial and ventricular septal malalignment. Mild Pulmonary valve stenosis as seen in case 2 is due to a bicuspid pulmonary valve.

The common types of clinical presentation include: symptomatic bradycardia, heart failure, and asymptomatic child or adult. Symptomatic bradycardia proceeds heart block as seen in case 2 and 3 above. In patients with normal atrial arrangement as seen in all the cases above, the conduction system is abnormal [5]. There is a discontinuity between a posteriorly located hypoplastic AV node and the bundle of HIS [5]. Usually, a second AV node located anteriorly gives rise to the bundle of HIS [1]. Progressive fibrosis of this second AV node leads to heart block as seen cases 2 and 3 [5]. Pre-excitation and atrial arrhythmias are common [12]. Atrial fibrillation noted in the first case is attributed to Ebsteinoid displacement of the tricuspid valve causing gross dilatation of the left atrium. Heart failure documented in the cases above is due to systemic RV volume overload from large non-restrictive VSD, tricuspid valve regurgitation and RV systolic dysfunction. Paucity of symptoms as seen in case 5 is due to the absence of associated intracardiac defects. Eventually, case 5 is predicted to develop progressive RV systolic dysfunction starting from the fourth decade of life leading to heart failure and sudden death [1, 12, 13]. This is due to a poor RV geometry, diminished RV coronary flow reserve, low resting right ventricular ejection fraction and progressive systemic RV fibrosis [12]. Cardiac MRI provides accurate assessment of systemic RV function and ventricular volumes [14]. However, in all the cases above, RV function was assessed using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). our study is therefore limited by our inability to carry out MRI due to its limited availability and high cost.

Medical treatment is dictated by the presence of associated intracardiac defects. Due to the presence of large VSD, the above patients have been on diuretics (frusemide, spironolactone) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (Captopril or enalapril) [3, 14]. In the absence of AV block, beta blockers have been used in patients with pulmonary stenosis, arrhythmias and for RV remodeling [14]. Due to the progressive nature of heart block, the above children have had annual ECG follow up [14]. Resource limitation and presence of an ideo-junctional escape rhythm has obviated the need for urgent pacemaker insertion in case 2 above. Furthermore, early onset of complete heart block as seen in case 2 does not seem to increase risk of early death [5]. Univentricular pacing has been associated with worsening of systemic RV systolic function [5, 14]. This is due to LV-RV desynchrony [5]. Therefore, cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), will be of benefit to case 2 and 3 if they develop the following: EF < _35%, NYHA function Class II-IV and wide QRS complex >_150ms with a complete right bundle branch block [15].

Impediment to cardiovascular care

The Uganda Heart Institute (UHI) is the only national referral cardiac centre which provides comprehensive cardiovascular services. This is coupled with a weak referral and ambulance services [16]. Therefore, any Ugandan child from a remote health facility faces tremendous challenge of early identification and access to cardiovascular services at UHI [16]. Indeed, four of the five cases above all live near UHI. Great strides have been made in corrective surgery for CHD other than ccTGA at our centre. However, limitation in funding, critical surgical sundries and theatre space has created a large volume of unoperated cases with less priority placed on complex CHD such as ccTGA [16]. There is a well-developed CRT program mainly for the adult population albeit its high cost.

Future surgery

In patients with large VSD as above, surgery may involve ‘anatomic’ or ‘physiological repair’. A conventional “physiological repair” involves repair of any intracardiac defects such as VSD. However, it leaves the RV as the systemic ventricle with a 20 year survival of approximately 50–80% [1, 8]. “Anatomic repair involves atrial switch (Senning or Mustard procedure) combined with arterial switch (double switch) or Rastelli procedure [1, 8]. This positions the LV as the systemic ventricle with a 10-year survival of 78–93% [8]. The ideal timing for the anatomic repair in patients with large non-restrictive VSD as seen in the above cases is between 3 and 6 months [8]. Since all our cases are older than 6 months of age, we propose the following: cases 2, 3 and 4 with large non-restrictive VSD should be assessed for suitability of LV to sustain systemic pressures before anatomic repair [1, 8]. Any of the above cases with a deconditioned LV should undergo pulmonary artery banding (PA band) to control symptoms of heart failure and ‘train’ the LV followed by anatomic repair [1, 8]. Case 5 with intact interventricular septum (IVS) should undergo PA band as well. In patients with intact IVS, PA band causes shift of the IVS towards the systemic RV. This leads to decrease in the distortion of the tricuspid valve and systemic RV dilatation [17]. Thus, PA band may improve functional status of patients [17]. Case 1 with severe tricuspid regurgitation, atrial fibrillation and systemic RV failure has opted for medical treatment only.

Conclusion

ccTGA is a rare cardiac malformation. In this series, it was associated with VSD, pulmonary stenosis and heart block. Furthermore, delay in anatomical correction led to the development of tricuspid valve regurgitation and right ventricular systolic failure.