Skip to main content

Table 4 Parental sociodemographic characteristics of newborns/babies with CHD and controls

From: Patterns, prevalence, risk factors, and survival of newborns with congenital heart defects in a Saudi population: a three-year, cohort case-control study

CHD groups (Total number)

Maternal age ≥ 31 years

 

Cases No. (%)

a Controls No. (%)

OR

95% CI

p value

Total CHD (TCHD = 424)

229 (54.0)

520 (41.2)

1.67

1.34–2.09

< 0.0005

Severe CHD (SCHD = 91)

50 (54.9)

 

1·70

1.13–2·66

0·01

Isolated CHD (ICHD = 254)

136 (53.5)

 

1.64

1.25–2.15

0.0003

 

Body Mass Index ≥30

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

186 (43.9)

453 (35.9)

1.42

1.13–1.77

0.002

SCHD

43 (47.3)

 

1·6

1.04–2·45

0.03

ICHD

118 (46.5)

 

1.54

1.18–2.03

0.001

 

Insulin-dependent maternal diabetes mellitus – IDDMb

 

Cases

Controls

   

TCHD

45 (10.6)

38 (3.0)

3.82

2.44–5.98

< 0.0001

SCHD

8 (8.8)

 

2.10

1.40–6.87

0.008

ICHD

20 (7.9)

 

2.75

1.57–4.80

0.0004

 

Consanguinity

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

220 (50.9)

571 (45.2)

1.30

1.04 1.62

0.02

SCHD

49 (53.8)

 

1·41

0·92–2.16

0.13

ICHD

126 (49.6)

 

1.19

0.90–1.56

0.22

 

Improper Folic Acid Intakec

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

378 (89.2)

1134 (89.9)

0.92

1.04–1.62

0.71

SCHD

79 (86.8)

 

0.74

0·38–1.40

0.45

ICHD

229 (90.2)

 

1.03

0.65–1.62

0.94

 

Sex (male)

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

210 (49.5)

645 (16.7)

0.94

0.75–1.16

0.61

SCHD

50 (54.9)

 

1.16

0.76–1.78

0.54

ICHD

128 (50.4)

 

0.97

0.74–1.27

0.89

 

Parity ≥3

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

221 (52.1)

553 (43.8)

1.39

1.12–1.74

0.003

SCHD

47 (51.6)

 

1.37

0.89–2.09

0.18

ICHD

131 (51.6)

 

1.36

1.04–1.79

0.02

 

Mother occupation (unemployed house wife)

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

317 (74.8)

1007 (79.8)

0.75

0.57–0.97

0.03

SCHD

74 (81.3)

 

1.10

0.63–1.90

0.82

ICHD

187 (73.6)

 

0.70

0.51–0.96

0.03

 

Mother education (uneducated)

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

144 (34.0)

333 (26.38)

1.43

1.13–1.81

0.003

SCHD

37 (40.7)

 

1.91

1.23–2.96

0.004

ICHD

85 (33.1)

 

1.40

1.04–1.87

0.02

 

Father occupation (soldier)

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

285 (67.2)

896 (80.0)

0.83

0.66–1.06

0.15

SCHD

68 (74.7)

 

1.20

0.74–1.96

0.50

ICHD

170 (66.9)

 

0.83

0.62–1.10

0.22

 

Income Saudi Riyal ≤7000 ($1866) /month

 

Cases

Controls

TCHD

170 (40.1)

488 (36.7)

1.06

0.84–1.32

0.64

SCHD

38 (41.8)

 

1.13

0.73–1.74

0.63

ICHD

101 (39.8)

 

1.04

0.79–1.38

0.79

  1. aControls (1262) are utilized for comparison with each of the CHD groups separately
  2. bIDDM, included overt DM and gestational DM required insulin
  3. cImproper folic acid intake, included folic acid used postconceptionally, irregular use or not been used during current pregnancy
Back to article page

Journal of Congenital Cardiology

ISSN: 2056-7251

Contact us